Probability DENSITY functions of the involved random variables are essential for the reliability-based design of offshore structures. The objective of present research was the derivation of probability DENSITY function (PDF) for the LOCAL joint flexibility (LJF) factor, fLJF, in two-planar tubular DK-joints commonly found in jacket-type offshore structures. A total of 162 finite element (FE) analyses were carried out on 81 FE models of DK-joints subjected to two types of axial loading. Generated FE models were validated using available experimental data, FE results, and design formulas. Based on the results of parametric FE study, a sample database was prepared for the fLJF values and DENSITY histograms were generated for respective samples based on the Freedman-Diaconis rule. Nine theoretical PDFs were fitted to the developed histograms and the maximum likelihood (ML) method was applied to evaluate the parameters of fitted PDFs. In each case, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and chi-squared tests were used to evaluate the goodness of fit. Finally, the Inverse Gaussian model was proposed as the governing probability distribution function for the fLJF. After substituting the values of estimated parameters, two fully defined PDFs were presented for the fLJF in tubular DK-joints subjected to two types of axial loading.

Identifying the constraining factors of production and yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the production constraining factors of LOCAL rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of LOCAL rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by number of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA model, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean relative yield and relative yield gap for 12 variables (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting DENSITY, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each restricting yield variables.

The central issue of the present paper is the study of the causes of the mother tongue decline in the Sahne city in Kermanshah province. The issue of language is beyond the dialect of people and is refer to the form of life and the matter of macroeconomic and political relations. From this perspective, the form of life and the language associated with it explain the praxis of the members of the society. The appropriate method of examining the problem should be able to analyze the justification of agents to their situation, that is why Grounded Theory is chosen as the method of this research and data analysis is taken from abduction reasoning. The results of the analysis introduced the categories of globalizing, modernizing, de-use of language, economic necessity and the government as the most important factors of LOCAL language fading. In this essay the meaning of globalization is the globalizing of special type of economic relation that explain other categories role in the process of fading of languages.

A B S T R A C TFor choosing suitable place multiple methods are introduced, which examine the qualities, methods and patterns of location selection. The current methods use global approach and do not pay attention to spatial differences, environmental variation in variables, LOCAL changes modeled by LOCAL weighting indicators. It has been selected as a case study to evaluate the EMS center of Fars province and to evaluate the indicators of distance from the power plant, distance from logistics centers, industries, transportation terminals, hospitals, hotels and tourism, cities, rural areas and custom centers. has been used, using the AHP method to weight the qualities, and then for LOCAL weights, non-overlapping neighborhood filtering within a radius of 25 km are used and calculate the corresponding changes, quantity, ratio Presented in this article, the obtained weights, then the compute LOCAL weighted layers, and then LOCAL weight was multiplied in the normalized layers and the final layer were obtained. In the next step, it was combined and calculated to compare the data using the global method. The results of the two methods were transferred to the points of the EMS and the results were analyzedExtended AbstractIntroductionIn geographical studies and spatial planning, there are different approaches to choosing the right place for all kinds of applications and uses, and a process is followed to choose the best places. This process includes stating the research problem (cognition), choosing the criteria and preferences of decision makers and how to determine the weight of indicators, combining criteria (design) and finally, choosing the best option. In the current methods of spatial decision, the criteria are given a fixed weight, while in geographical locations, the distribution of geographical phenomena is not uniform. In this case, attention should be paid to the spatial distribution pattern of geographical phenomena based on the principle of sensitivity of the range of changes, the size of the range of changes affects the outputs, and the data with a smaller range of changes also have a lesser effect on the output. The data with a larger range of changes will have a more significant effect on the output. Therefore, in spatial analysis, indicators that have small changes are less important. LOCAL models have been presented to model LOCAL changes in spatial multi-criteria decision-making; in this research, the main issue is how to model the LOCAL changes that affect the expected outputs. MethodologyThe research process is based on multi-criteria spatial decision-making methods (national and LOCAL). First, spatial patterns of indicators were analyzed through exploratory analyzes of ESDA spatial data. Then based on the review of the research criteria, the direct weighting method was used to calculate the weight of the indicators, and the experts were asked to specify the weight of the criteria in the range of 1 to 10. The opinions were combined, and the final weight was obtained. First, the data were spatially modelled to model and calculate the LOCAL weights. Then Block Statistics spatial filter without overlap was used to determine the neighborhood. The range of LOCAL changes, maximum and minimum values, were calculated, and LOCAL weights were obtained based on that. Finally, the information layers were descaled. After that, the unscaled criterion layers were multiplied by the national weights and the final national scores were obtained. In the next step, the data of the evaluated information layers (LOCAL and national) were transferred to the points of emergency databases. Based on the analysis, the fit was done. Results and discussionGeneral or global weights pay attention to the relative importance of indicators, which is the starting point for calculating LOCAL weights. Based on the research results, the most critical indicators are industries, cities and hospitals, which are more important in the location of road emergency stations. However, in order to achieve better results, it is necessary to build a LOCAL weight layer. The results of the research show that the indicators' weight and the difference in the criteria (general weight) are not equal in the entire geographical area, and the areas with a larger range of changes have a higher coefficient.Because, unlike general weights that are obtained based on different methods, LOCAL weights are estimated based on the principle of sensitivity of the range of changes and are changed spatially, and a fixed value is not considered for all areas. According to the research findings, the highest level in the general and LOCAL evaluation method corresponds to 0.5 to 0.7. Based on the LOCAL (geographic) weight method, it is less than the national or general method in the range of 0.9 to 1. Furthermore, this is due to the more precise nature of this method, which models the effects of LOCAL changes. To evaluate the compliance of the emergency centers with the final maps of suitability assessment, the information on the suitability maps was transferred to the map of the emergency center points of Fars province. Based on the evaluation of 207 emergency stations, according to the general method, 14 percent are in the high group (0.9-1), and according to the LOCAL or geographical method (16.9), percent are in this group. ConclusionAt the level of space and geographical regions, phenomena and geographical complications are not uniformly distributed, some phenomena have a homogeneous distribution, and some have a heterogeneous distribution. On the one hand, the phenomena and decision issues are affected by the context in which they are formed and evolve; on the other hand, these phenomena are placed in the network of mutual relations. Furthermore, the results of the set of phenomena may differ from the results of the phenomena individually and separately; in this article, an attempt has been made to address the issue that in spatial analysis and planning, it is necessary to pay attention to geographical differences in decision-making. Furthermore, it should not be evaluated in general terms of spatial decision problems; one of the methods of modelling these differences and spatial changes is to consider the LOCAL weight of the criteria. Based on the research findings, LOCAL (geographical) and national analysis results are different and can better show these changes. On the other hand, the pattern of spatial differences also has its spatial pattern, and paying attention to these differences in spatial differences can be the subject of further studies. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved the content of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Distance-based clustering methods categorize samples by optimizing a global criterion, finding ellipsoid clusters with roughly equal sizes. In contrast, DENSITY-based clustering techniques form clusters with arbitrary shapes and sizes by optimizing a LOCAL criterion. Most of these methods have several hyper-parameters, and their performance is highly dependent on the hyper-parameter setup. Recently, a Gaussian DENSITY Distance (GDD) approach was proposed to optimize LOCAL criteria in terms of distance and DENSITY properties of samples. GDD can find clusters with different shapes and sizes without any free parameters. However, it may fail to discover the appropriate clusters due to the interfering of clustered samples in estimating the DENSITY and distance properties of remaining unclustered samples. Here, we introduce Adaptive GDD (AGDD), which eliminates the inappropriate effect of clustered samples by adaptively updating the parameters during clustering. It is stable and can identify clusters with various shapes, sizes, and densities without adding extra parameters. The distance metrics calculating the dissimilarity between samples can affect the clustering performance. The effect of different distance measurements is also analyzed on the method. The experimental results conducted on several well-known datasets show the effectiveness of the proposed AGDD method compared to the other well-known clustering methods.

Applying two definitions of the union of IF-events, P. Grzegorzewski gave two generalizations of the inclusion-exclusion principle for IF-events. In this paper we prove an inclusion-exclusion principle for IF-STATES based on a method which can also be used to prove Grzegorzewski's inclusion-exclusion principle for probabilities on IF-events. Finally, we give some applications of this principle by extending some results regarding the classical probabilities to the case of the IF-STATES.

First principle calculations were performed using DENSITY functional theory within the LOCAL spin DENSITY approximation (LSDA) to understand the electronic properties of Au (100)+TBT system and compare the results with Au (100) and bulk Au properties. Band structure, the total DOS and charge DENSITY for these materials are calculated. We found that the HOMO for Au (100)+TBT becomes broader than Au (100) and bulk Au and d orbitals have the most contribution in covalent band. The electron densities overlap between Au atoms implies a large covalent bonding. Our calculations indicate that conjugated systems such as (TBT) enhance electric conductance.

Introduction: Some studies conducted so far suggest that exercising during adolescence and young age can increase the amount and DENSITY of bone minerals to be stored for the age of senility. However, it has not been confirmed yet what type and intensity of bone minerals may provide for a maximum rate of the anabolic stimulation. Thus, the purpose of this study is to compare the amount and DENSITY of the bone minerals in male soccer and handball professional athletes with those of male non-athletes’.Materials and Methods: This is a an experimental research study on 42 males ranging 20-30 years old who were divided into three groups consisting of: 14 professional soccer athletes (Experimental Group 1) ,14 professional handball athletes (Experimental Group 2) and 14 young male non-athletes (Control Group). The athletes had the experience of at least three continuous years of regular professional exercising (3 sessions a week) and participating in national championships. These participants were selected from Mashhad athletic clubs, while the non-athletes were experiencing their first session of exercising in the club. Using DEXA, the participants’ BMD of arm femur and bone mass was measured. Then, the collected data were investigated at the significance level of 5 percent, using descriptive statistics and unilateral variance analysis as well as LSD pursuit test.Results: The obtained results from this research indicate that there was not any significant difference among the three groups of the study in terms of BMD of the arms. Also, in terms of femur and bone mass, there was no significant difference between two groups of athletes, i.e. soccer players and handball players (P=0.465). However, the findings suggest a significant difference between the control group and soccer player group (P=0.001) and also between the control and handball player group (P=0.004).Conclusion: As a result, the findings of this study conform to the theory which STATES that bone response to the mechanical loading depends on the type and style of athletic activities.

The term good governance is used today on a wide scale from a LOCAL to an international level. In the meantime, governance in the form of LOCAL government seems to be more commensurate with good governance. This research seeks to answer the questions of what is the relationship between LOCAL government and good governance and what are the unique characteristics and traits of a LOCAL government that can be considered a good government? In addition, what is the best method for delegating powers and responsibilities to citizens in order to make LOCAL government efficient in terms of good governance? The research is descriptive-analytical based on its nature and methodology and the required information is gathered in a documentary manner with reference to reliable books and articles. The research findings show that with respect to specific and prominent features of LOCAL government such as decentralization, democratic structure, LOCAL and people-centered planning and decision-making, attention to the interests of the general public, the distribution of opportunities and the establishment of social and geographical justice, more community benefits from development and welfare, LOCAL government can be regarded as the ideal example for good governance. Also among the many features that LOCAL government has, the principle of optimal decentralization (political, economic, administrative, technical, geographical, etc. ), as the real symbol and ultimate goal of LOCAL government, is undoubtedly the best and most practical way of good administrative governance. In this way, by delegating some of the responsibilities to the citizens, their involvement in regional and national affairs becomes more real and then the mutual interaction between the LOCAL government and the central government becomes facilitated. It will also have decentralization of power (central government) as a principle. In short, because of the specific nature and functions of LOCAL government, it can be used to establish a good governance model.

The lattice-matched system (GaAs)n/(AlAs)n superlattice is calculated for two different values of n=3 and 6 within ab initio pseudopotential DENSITY-functional theory using Quantum Espresso package of program exploiting the ultra-soft atomic pseudopotentials.  Their band offsets, which is a well-known and inextricable problem at semiconductor interfaces, have been determined in this paper and were compared with experimental results. Discontinuities of valance and conduction bands were obtained as 0.46 and 0.25 eV, respectively.  The averaged self-consistent potential  across the [001] interface in GaAs is about 0.061 eV higher than its value in AlAs. The LOCAL DENSITY of STATES for both superlattices was also studied. The effect of different factors e.g. orientation, transitivity, and composition dependence is reported in this study. We found that, in the [110] direction of GaAs/AlAs superlattice, the dependence of the band offset on the orientation is negligible.  The calculated band gap of  is linearly dependent on aluminum content.